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.LB:0 =========================================================================== BOOK 1 ...FUTURE SYSTEMS by Mark T. Nadir... Page $$$ =========================================================================== CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCE THE INTRODUCTION 1 THE "Scientific Community" claims to believe(!) in "Progress" and in Scientific Principles (note Capitals) but what it actually believes in (with religious fervor) is "AUTHORITY". There is no point is ad dressing them with anything new. (And undressing them will also re veal nothing new.) This book is, therefore, addressed to those few who minds have not snapped shut. If you are the exceptional engineer or PHD who is reading to learn, then I bid you welcome; the snide re marks are not for you. On the whole, the contents of this book will be read and appreciated by those whose minds are young; people like those young students who were once called "HACKERS" and "HAMS". This book is for the few mentally young engineers, student engineers, and even a few PHds. The HAMS might even put the Beta Modes to the test since it requires only a small effort from them. To ALL those whose minds are open to new ideas: WELCOME. 2 Those of you who are reading this to prove me wrong will start by ig noring the fact that two completely operative test systems were built and tested at a cost of over $2,650,000.oo. These systems were highly successfull and proved that systems of the types descibed herein are very flexible and more efficient than code systems can hope to be. The test systems also proved that code systems providing equivelent services for an equal number of subscribers cost 20 to 150 times more than the systems described herein. BUT - code systems can (without incurring additional costs) provide only a fraction of the services that the A, B and G Modes Systems described herein can provide. 3 Also, those who are out to "prove" me wrong may misquote me and those misquotes will be knowingly wrong. There are no shortages of brown nosers who are out to coddle favor with the IBMs, AT&Ts, DECs, etc. Nothing can be done about them since "brown nosing" has a long (and stinky) history. But, if you are out to prove me wrong, don't bother - in your minds? you've already done it. Wye waist yore tyme reeding? Besides its dangerous, you might learn something inadvertently. 4 The material in this book has been tested, not by talk or dusty/rusty logic but the expensive expedient (as noted above) of building two complete test systems and testing them. These were tested by employ ing them as they would be used in practice and (of course) by making measurements. Because of this, there can be no reasonable doubt that they work (as explained herein). 5 The title "FUTURE SYSTEMS" refers to all the systems described in de tail in all the books comprising this series. These books describes several types of large scale systems such as communications systems, computational systems, control systems, broadcasting, etc., etc. To this list should included many smaller systems such as point to point data communications systems, business systems, data/and music record ing systems, control systems, traffic control systems, AI systems etc. (especially etc.) The list omits hybrids of these same systems. 6 The technology described in this book is A DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, but it is a technology which does not employ any form of code or coding. This foregoing statement will be unbelievable to almost all pH-dees and enginEars. [They "believe" such things are "impossible".] To add insult to injury these systems are also self routing. But if that is not enough the computer and control versions are also parallel (or simultaneous) data processing system. That should be enough to hold them - for a starter. Once the EXPERTs read this, they can (and will) close the book - and their minds. (You will hear it when snap shut - at this distance! If this applies to you then burn this book... and buy a new one - from me. As far as ProFEEssors go, they are even more closed minded than oridinary ENGINears. They ARE authority itself. I would be very pleased to be proven wrong. 7 The technology presented (later, of course) is examined mainly in its Mass-Access* context. (But, not exclusively, point to point systems are also described [as B Modes systems].) Even the computational types of machines (KalQueLaters) are examined as Mass-Access machine s. One important aspect of MAss-Access systems is that the technology is always characterized by the fact that all data is transferred from point to point without the use of switching centers of any kind what- so-ever... or codes. 8 This IS NOT a how-to book. It is (I hope) a teaching text. The aim is not show you how to do this or that thing, but to provide you with a real comprehension of how systems of these type works. Yes, systems. I hope to leave you with the ability AND DESIRE to construct such systems for yourselves and to your own specifications. AND GET RICH IN THE PROCESS. 9 Thoughtout this book data is sent as "characters". This is in keeping with way these digital systems operate. [Analogue signals must be "sampled" in order to convert them into digital format - and the re sulting samples are characters.] This is true for all data. The only difference between characters which are letters/symbols and charact ers which are digitized analogue (voice, fax, etc.) is the speed with which they are generated, if that. The characters used throughout this book are letter/symbols such as are found on a typewriter key board. The reason for the choice is very simple - letter/symbols are easier to explain and understand than digitized analogue {voice}. (Digitized voice is impossible to read on a sample to sample (char acter to character) basis because samples are meaningless to our minds but not to machines. 10 Because both the systems to be presented and code systems are digital systems, (the latter, digital code systems, are the only systems pre sently in common use) there is a very natural tendency to use the terminology derived from code systems for the other non-code system. Don't do it! That route is guaranteed to lead to utter confusion. The text herein is full of definitions (which must so carefully read that you might say they must be studied). A detailed glossary is provided to help you when memory fails or something seems confused or con fusing. The glossary specifies the location where the gloss is first employed or explained in this text. In the text such terms are marked with asterisks. 11 The material in this book may seem to be addressed exclusively to the communications fields. That IS misleading. The references to commun ication, computational, control, systems etc. serves to illustrate electronic and optronics usage. The material found herein has wide applications to many fields, some seemingly remote. Biology for example. This will discussed further in the CONCLUSIONS SECTIONS. It cannot be discussed earlier since you will not know what I am talking about before then. It is not that the techonlogy is so hard to learn - but the implications of that methodology are hard to swallow. 12 The text in the rest of this chapter, and part of the next, describes mechanical analogs of POSITIONAL TRANSDUCTION METHODOLOGY* SYSTEMS, which is the name I have given to the technology discussed herein. As you will quickly discover for yourself, the methodology is [A] dig ital and [B] positional. It is concerned with transducing data into positions and positions into data. That is, it is a methodolgy that TRANSDUCES positions into data and data into positions. The key words are TRANSDUCE AND POSITION. ORGANIZATION OF TEXT 13 The information that encompasses the essence of Positional Transduct ion Methodoloy is presented in several separate "Books". Each book is restricted to a separate and distinct aspect of Positional Trans duction Methodology. This first book, BOOK 1, introduces you (in rapid succession) to a series of basic concepts and such background material as the author believes is necessary for good comprehension. The result is that there is, what may seem to you to be, an endless delay in getting "to the point" while, in fact I am trying to do just THAT, e.g. get to the point quickly. (A lot of background material is necessary - unfortunately.) 14 BOOK 1 is relatively short, wordwise but not idea-wise. BOOK 1 starts out by describing a basic mode of operation, i.e. the most primitive operating mode. It then goes on to describe a whole series of more complex modes. Each successive mode builds onto the previous mode so that each successive mode becomes progressively more complex. (The complexity is in your mind and NOT in the electronic hardware.) 15 [[NOTE:- The term (gloss) as used throughout the text is not limited by present-day electrical systems. It could include such things as fiber optics, laser beams, optronic systems, etc., but it rarely does so. In the main the glossary is concerned with items introduced in this text and which have uncommon definitions.]] 16 BOOK 1 does not describe "hardware" systems in spite of the fact that it might appear to do just that. There is a language problem here. The word "systems" (as used in Book 1) usually does not mean some kind of hardware. The author frequently use the term to mean con ceptual systems. (Like, for example, a "system of thought".) Or even, sometimes, an imaginary system unsupported by even imaginary hard ware. 17 BOOK 2 introduces you to Positional Transduction Methodology communi cation SysTems - as real (hardware) systems. The operation of Com munications Systems are examined, described and discussed, in detail. They are called in Book 2 "TAG SYSTEMS". THESE SYSTEMS ARE BOTH CODELESS AND SWITCHLESS (i.e. they have neither switching mechanisms nor switching centers, etc.). In addition, the following items are described and discussed:- [1] means of signalling, [2] methods of controlling all the members of the system so that they act in con cert, i.e. in unison and/or an organized manner, and [3] methods of controlling traffic flow, [4] physical organization of components, [5] auxiliary controls, [6] business devices, [7] etc., etc. 18 BOOK 3A introduces the analogue of the CPU calculator, the PTM KalKu Later, which is another new direction which these might systems take. The KalKuLater is taken through many stages of developement and in each stage its "calculating" capacity grows. It is the operational capacity which grows. And, it grows very, very much faster than the hardware. Your might find this very hard to believe. Then don't be lieve - understanding is much to be preferred. It is all explained. 19 BOOK 3B introduces the reader to PTM's world of computational systems which are called in Book 3 KalQueLating Mashines. These are a wholely new class of machines which employs their INHERENT PARALLEL PROCESS ING CAPACITIES FOR SIMULTANEOUS PROCESSING. BOOK 3B is fundamentally introductory even though the KalQueLating Mashines open new direct ions to computation. These SysTems open many new areas of activities to computational systems - from the employment of new forms of logic, without excluding digital logic, to performing 1020 or many more, operations per second, to recording music/data, to control systems and traffic control systems, etc., etc. and so on. 20 BOOK 4, as of this data, has not been entered (i.e. written) into the computer. This book will is intended to be a continuation of Book 3, but, it can be published only after ALL THE PATENTABLE MATERIAL DE SCRIBED IN THE SHEETS THEREIN HAVE BEEN PATENTED. This (most likely) will mean that it will never be published at all or only long after Positional Transduction Methodology have been superseded by the by next developements, "N" Dimensional SysTems, and/or Double Implicit SysTems... if they are released by my heirs. 21 There are many new terms (glosses) required to explain the operations of Positional Transduction Methodology SysTems. Since (as noted earl ier) new glosses are easily foregotten the previously mentioned glossary is included. Consult it when in doubt. 22 This text should be virtually impossible to scan due to the nature of the material. (Much that is totally new is imbedded herein.) In addi tion the author has done his very best to make the material unscan nable. If you do not care to spend the time to read this text slowly and thoughtfully then it might be better if you do not try. The whole glossary of new glosses must be (A) understood and (B) remembered in order to follow the text. To get the most out of the material being presented all you need is [1] patience, [2] understand, [3] patience and [4] a nice long attention span. Do not be afraid to go back and re-read what-so-ever is not perfectly clear. Speed is for race car drivers and/or drug addicts, not for you. MECHANICAL ANALOGY 23 The mechanical analogies which follow are nessessary to those who are not intimately familiar with digital code and Positional Transduction Methodology systems. (Especially digital communications and computer systems.) BUT, even those who are intimately familiar with these sys tems might find the mechanical analogy valuable. Even if these know ledgeable individuals only learn the approach that is to be taken, they will find it valuable of and for itself. 24 ALL of the mechanical analogies (except the last one) employ an end less belt to simulate the communications path. Therefore the endless belt is the mechanical analogue of the wirelines, radio paths, video links, satellite paths, laser beams, OR fiber optic wires, etc., etc. (Also etc.) 25 The endless belt analogy is employed in various different ways in the text that follows. The first two of these analogies illustrate the manner in which code transmissions might be simulated by the endless belt. The third and forth analogies simulate the Positional Trans duction Methodology's (PTM) method of TRANSFERRING DATA. The endless belt, in this instance, is employed to transfer data (as opposed to transmitting data). Because all three methods employ the same type of analogy (that of an endless belt) they tend to look superficially alike. Care must be taken to examine the methodology and not the analogy. The forth analogy uses a wheel in the place of the endless belt. This necessary because the same basic analogy must be used to illustrate another version of the Positional Transduction Method ology. PTM, as the reader can easily guess, is the methodology exam ined throughout these books. 26 Our endless belt analogy is comprised of a endless belt and two drums over which it rolls and which holds it taut. The ends of the belt are pasted together - after one end has been turned over. This makes the endless belt into a mobius strip, a belt with only one side and one edge. Since we are not concerned with the thickness of the belt the thickness parameter can be ignored. Our endless belt will have no thickness (and, hence, no weight) therefore, does not sag. 27 In our first two analogies the belt is marked off (by painted lines) into segments which we are call (in the trade) "slots" . The slot is merely a space on the belt which terminates at the lines which separ ate one slot from the adjacent slot. (They do not exist in actuall ity) One of the drums drives the endless belt so it moves with uni form motion (called the "data rate"). At each end of the belt there is an "operator" who in our illustration is a member of the twenty million years old species:- "homo sap". 8 The operator (at the end of the belt whose surface is moving towards the other operator) is designated the "sender"; the other operator is the designated "receptor". 29 The sender is amply supplied with a pen and pile of wafers upon which the sender can write a character (in ones and zeros). 30 The operation of the system is simple. As each slot comes up (over the drum) the operator writes a character upon a wafer and places that wafer on the slot. (S/He is a [very] fast writer.) The receptor lifts each wafer, as it arrives, reads the characters and writes them down. (S/He is even faster!) In this manner data (messages) can be transmitted (the wafers are transmitted) from the sender to the re ceptor. When this method is employed there can be only one "sender" in the system. (But, there can be more than one "eavesdropers"!) This is in keeping with code broadcasting such as are employed by radio transmissions and code "point to point" communications systems. 31 The second analogy is also a code analogy. The same endless belt is employed and is marked in the same manner. In this analogy there are a multiplicity of "senders" and a multplicity of "receptors". There is no operator at the source (input) end of the belt. Rather, at the source end there is a machine which has many endless "feeder" belts feeding the source end of the main belt. Each of these "feeder belts" belts has an operator who is sending data. And as before, each of these operators is equiped with pen and a pile of wafers. Each opera tor writes on his/her wafer and then puts it on the endless feeder belt. There are N of these feeder belts and each moves 1/Nth as fast as the main endless belt. A machine at the sending end of the main belt sweeps the wafers from the feeder belts unto its assigned slot on the main belt. Since the main endless belt moves N times faster than the feeder belts each feeder belt has its own unique slot on the main belt and these slots re-occur periodically. This gives rise to the "interlacing" called "multiplexing" in the trade. Each slot (on the main endless belt) is assigned a number (which can be read off the drums). This permits the system to be "synchronized". 32 The same basic (but inverse) "machinery" is found at the receptor end of the endless belt, i.e. there are N feeder belts fed from the main belt. The machinery, at the receptor end, sweeps the wafers off onto the N endless feeder belts, each of which serves its one operator. The machine at the receptor site is a de-interlacer (called a de- multiplexer in the trade). The two machines (i.e. the multiplexer and the de-multiplexer) when in "sync" (synchronization) will permit mes sages from any specific "sender" to reach any specific receptor. 33 In practice there is machinery that permits this technology to be em ployed in such a manner that any sender can reach any receptor. It is called (in the trade) "THE SWITCHING SYSTEM". The switching system is actual compised of two compent parts: [[1] the electronic switch and [2] the racks filled with switches. We need not go into more here. 34 The above technology is used in code systems. The last analogy repre sents the MASS-ACCESS CODE TECHNOLOGY since it permits very large num bers of subscribers to co-share the use a single transmission path (that is, an endless belt). There is one important restriction on the use of this technology:- NO SUBSRCIBER IS PERMITTED TO ENTER DATA ON TO THE MAIN TRANSMISSION PATH (CALLED THE TRUNK). ONLY THE MULTIPLEX ER AND THE DE-MULTIPLEXER ARE PERMITTED TO EXIST ON THIS PATH, AND ONLY THEN, ONLY· AT THE ENDS OF THE TRANSMISSION PATH. 35 If you examine the endless belt (in the second example) you will not ice that the only thing that can be seen (on the main belt) are the wafers (each of which conveys a code representing a character). These are the "visible" data conveyed by the belt. This visible data will hereafter be referred to as THE EXPLICIT DATA*. But, there is a sec ond kind of data present. This is a kind of invisible data, which will be referred to herein as IMPLICIT DATA and is explained below. 36 The slots which re-occur periodically are a form of IMPLICIT* DATA. This is because each slot in a periodic re-occurring group acquires a sequence number merely by occurring sequentially in the same relative position. In actuality, the multiplexer(s) and de-multiplexer(s) assign an address (or phone number) to each slot. This invisible (i.e. implicit) data is very real. It is generally ignored as being either of no consequence or of only minor consequence. However, it is this implicit data that makes the system work. 37 In the pages that follow, we shall discover that the implicit data is of even greater importance in Positional Transduction Methodology than in code technology. The reader must, from now on, carefully sep arate the concept of information from the concept of data. The two are not considered identical herein. Information implies that what follows is not predictable, i.e. it contains an element of surprise. This is not true of data. Data is anything that follows even if it well known and can be predicted months in advance. For example, per iodicity specifies that events will follow in the certain sequence. That makes it data. Since it contains no surprises it is not inform ation - but it IS data! 38 It is a general rule for Positional Transduction Methodology systems, that implicit data is not information. (BUT, IT IS NOT AN INVARIABLE LAW). Things are quite otherwise in Doubly Impicit Systems. 39 We come, now, to the third method. This is an analogy for one type of Positional Transduction Methodology systems. This analogy is employed to transfer data. It will be explained thrice. The first explanation is not really accurate but has the advantage of being easy to understand. The second time it is explained accurately - but still as an analogy. The second explanation should be easily comprehensible since there is the background of the first explanation to help you along. (Crutches to assist the un-cripled.) The third explanation is a modification of the second. 40 This analogy introduces you to ONE of the N! (factorial) versions of Positional Transduction Methodology or PTM (where N is a small number between 50 and 1,000). As was stated earlier, this technology does not transmit data, but, it does cause the transfer of data. No, this is not gobbyly-gook intended to confuse you. It is a statement of fact. This will become obvious later. 41 The analogy we will use is again that of the endless belt riding over a pair of drums or rollers. The belt has, as before, lines placed at uniform intervals and at a right angle to the length of the belt. The space between the lines are now called a NESTS* rather than slopts. The endless belt is set in motion by the drums. 42 We again have a sending operator at the end of the belt whose surface is moving away, i.e. towards the receptor operator. 43 On the surface of the endless belt, i.e in each Nest, a unique char acter is printed. Each successive nest has a different character. The printed characters are the letters of the alphabet, a few punctuation marks and a character that represents a space or a blank area. The complete set of such unique characters is called a CHARACTER-SET*. Since we want the endless belt to be rather long, there are several successive character-sets painted on the endless belt. 44 The sending operator has a pile of identical wafers, but needs no pen (unlike before). The job of the operator is to send messages to the receptor operator. (The following analogy will only have these two operators.) The endless belt is set into motion and the sending oper ator starts to send. This is accomplished by the having the sending operator placing a plain (un-written upon) waffer in each Nest that contains the next character that must be sent . [A reminder:- a uni que charactor is printed in each space that represents a nest on the endless belt.]. In this analogy the wafers do not need to be marked since the presence of a wafer in a nest is a marker which tells the receptor operator that a character being "sent". The character print ed in each nest tells the receptor what character is being sent. The wafer is merely a MARKER which tells the operator which nests repre sent characters, i.e. it differentiates empty nests from nests which contain data. 45 The receiving operator need only read the character printed in a nest to know what character is being sent. The presence of a wafer in a nest signals that a character is being sent. The printed charcter in the nest wherein the wafer is found specifies the character that is being transferred. The sum of the characters (including the space character, needed to separate words) comprise the message. 46 But - there is a fly in the ointment. There are not and cannot be any printed characters on a real transmission path. These character are only presented to you to help you understand what follows - and which is a correct analogy. In the instance given, that all that was sent was a blank wafer. The message was transferred by the painted char acters printed on the belt, not by the wafer which merely acts as a marker. Now, we will get rid of the character printed on the belt. 47 Now the analogy shall be changed slightly (so that it will correspond to an actual Positional Transduction Methodology operating system.) The lines printed on the endless belt will remain (as visual aids) but the characters printed on the belt must be removed. The endless belt now has visible Nests (due to the painted lines) but it is otherwise blank. (The painted lines are visual separators and are not transmitted, nor needed, in actual systems.) But, now, the drums will have the characters comprising the character-set painted on them. The characters on the drums will be spaced so that as each Nest arrives a character on the drum appears (preferably near or under the arriving nest). Therefore, each nest, on the belt, has a character on the drum associated with it. The drums are just the right size for one or more complete character-sets to be printed on them. [There are electronic equivelents described later.] 48 Both drums are arranged so that when a wafer is placed on some char acter by the sender (say the space character) that same character (the space character) appears on the receptor's drum (when the wafer indicating the "space" character arrives at the receptor's site). When this is done the drums are in "sync", i,e. synchronized. Due to the fact that a wafer has to travel the length of the belt this syn chronization is necessary. The synchronization takes the "transmis sion delay" into account. This delay will be discussed in the text. So will the mechanism (hardware) that replaces the drums. 49 Now, the characters painted on the drums INDICATE to the operators at all times just what character any given Nest REPRESENT. So therefore, when a given character on the drum is the same as the character the sender wants the receptor to "receive" the sender can safely places a wafer in THAT Nest and feel sure that it will be correctly received. The same mechanism assures the receptor that the characters are cor rectly "received". 50 In this last example there is no absolutely indication on the endless belt of any character. The Nests convey IMPLICIT DATA. Note also that the only thing that is transmitted are the wafers (which represent the receptor's address). These addresses (wafers) are explicit the data and are all identical. IT IS THE DRUMS WHICH STATE EXPLICITLY WHAT CHARACTER EACH NEST REPRESENTS. 51 Next, we shall replace the endless belt with a very large wheel hav ing a great many spokes. (The rim of the wheel is an exact equivelent of a circular endless belt.) The spaces along the periphery of the wheel and between the spokes will be the Nests. The drums must still exist under the wheel. They are required to state EXPLICITLY (to the opertors) exactly what character each nest REPRESENTS IMPLICITLY. (As before, there can be many character-sets represented along the peri phery of the wheel.) The purpose of replacing the endless belt with a wheel is to permit any operator (now called subscribers) to commun icate directly with any other operator. Any subscriber to this "sys tem" can directly communicate with any other subscriber. 52 The wheel operates exactly as does the endless belt. There is no dif ference whatever in the basic mode of operation. The important dif ference is physical, i.e. the shape of the item doing the transport ing. The endless belt is a one way device because it permits traffic to flow only from the sender to the receptor. The endless belt offers no way for a receptor to reply- unless another endless belt is set up which moves in the reverse direction. (This might be a satisfactory solution in some cases.) The wheel also allows traffic to flow only in one direction, but with a difference. That difference is this: ANY AND ALL NESTS MUST RETURN PERIODICALLY TO THE ORIGINAL OPERATOR. Therefore, data can flow from ANY operator to ANY OTHER operator be cause all the operators (or subscribers) are now located along the perphery of the wheel and the all nests must pass periodical before all operators. (The wheel may have almost a full rotation to take the wafer to the desired operator (subscriber), but... it will surely get there.) 53 Because a wafer put on a Nest on the wheel must reach any operator on that wheel several things become possible:- [1] The receptor can reply to the originator, and [2] There can be many operators sending and/or receiving data SIMUTLANEOUSLY. This last will prove to be a very important characteristic of all Positional Transduction Methodology systems. This last only becomes of central importance in Books 3. 54 Because there now are many operators (subscribers) on the wheel there are some rules which each operator must observe. [1] Each wafer must contain the name (address) of that wafer's receptor (so a receptor may know which are for him/her.) [2] Each operator must remove (from the wheel) any wafer addressed to him or her; [3] No operator is permitted to remove a wafer not addresses to him or her; [4] An operator may not place a wafer in a Nest already occupied by another wafer. 55 NOTE: If an operator wishes to send a character - and finds that Nest occupied by a wafer, that operator must wait until that Nest re- occurs and then can enter the wafer therein. (This is a problem which occurs constantly and is called CONTENTION* The solution to this problem is given in the body of the text. 56 Now let see how our wheel works. We will place seven operators around the wheel. Each operator has his or her own reference drum to enable that operator to identify the passing Nests. (Seven operators is a small enough group to work with.) Each operator is given six piles of wafers, each pile being one of these colors:- {a} white, {2} grey, {3} black, {4} brown, {5} red, {6} green, and {7} blue. Each operator is identified by a specific color, i.e. a color represents someone's ad dress. Each operator is addressed by his or her assigned color. An operator does not need a wafer of his or her own color since s/he does not send to her/himself. Therefore, the operator does not have initially any wafers of his/her own color. 57 To send a message to a receptor of a given color, the originating op erator merely places a wafer of the receptor's color in each of the Nests which represent the characters that comprise the message. The receptor removes (only) wafers of his or her own color and notes the character represented by the Nest wherein each wafer arrived. In this way a message is transferred from one operator to any another. If the wheel is turning slowly enough each operator can be both sending and receiving messages simultaneously! 58 The analogy of the wheel is just that - an analogy. Its purpose is to give the reader a preview (like they said in "old time movies" of the material that is to be presented next week which was called "COMIMG ATTRACTIONS"). Never-the-less some REAL conclusions can be draw. CONCLUSIONS 59 These conclusions may not be evident to those whose knowledge of large scale systems such as communication, comPUters, controllers, etc., etc. is not detailed..... or even to those who should know better. I, the author, expect the conclusions about to be drawn about Positional Transduction Methodology to be vehemently contested - even before the contester knows what conclusions are drawn. Or- even before the next line is read. 60 First, the analogy of the Telephone System (code/analogue) is examined. [1] Code systems send their data in the form of codes and these codes appear on the transmission path in explicit (overt) form. [2] Similarly analogue systems send their data explicitly. [3] Data on Mass-Access Code Systems must, if analogue, be converted into digital form. After reception at the Mass-Access terminal it must be RE-converted to its analogue form. [4] Data on Mass-Access code systems has to be switched in order to reach its destination. This switching takes three (very similar) forms:- (a) Data is switched at a "Central or Switching Center" from one local line to another local line. This takes place in analogue form; (b) Data is switched from either a local line to or from a multi- plexer. This requires either A to D (analogue to digital) or D to A (digital to analogue) conversion; (c) Data is switched from one multiplexer to another multiplexer. "Long Distance" requires a multiplicity of switchings. [5] Each subscriber must be provided with a separate and unique path to the Switching Center. Therefore, a conversing pair of sub- scribers utilize two separate unique transmission paths. [6] The switching centers provide other essential services which have not been discussed - such as signal tones, (busy tones, etc.), rings the telephone bell, etc. None of these are necessary in Positional Transduction Methodology systems. 61 All of the above mentioned characteristics of telephone systems are built into the systems. They cannot be removed because the data is transmiitted explicitly! Being explicit costs ($$$$). Let us see what their costs are. [1] Local (analogue) subscribers must each be connected to the local switching center over a unique transmission path. Since the mean distance between a subscriber and the switching center is between five and twenty miles, a great deal of wireline is required. CONCLUSION 1. The cost of wire line is very high. This cost (plus the interest) probably is THE MAJOR system's cost. [2] The switching center is building filled from floor to ceiling with racks full of switches. In addition there are several COMPUTER SWITCHES, on standby in the event of failure. These switches are not only expensive (due to their number) but make the system VERY COMPLEX - - -and VERY VULNERABLE. (There are far more switches than subscribers!) [3] The multiplexers greatly add to the complexity - and the cost. They are inflexible as well, since one must be located at the input end of each transmission link... and that link must be unbroken (except for the repeaters). Each one way path requires a multi- plexer plus a computer switch AND a de-multiplexer plus its com- puter switch at the receiving end. All this plus racks of switches are employed to send data in one direction. The large amount of standby equipments should not be ignored. They add to the cost and maintenance. An equal amount of costly and complex hardware is required for the return direction. 62 The third analogy, that of Positional Transduction Methodology illu strates a very different story. The data was shown to be IMPLICIT. This system requires no switching what-so-ever. There is no need for switching centers and buildings wherein to house them. The racks of switches (covered with miles of very costly cables) are gone. Gone too are the switching computers. (It will be also shown, in the main text, that multiplexers (but not multiplexing) are also unnecessary.) And above all, the miles of wire which runs from each individual sub scriber to the switching centers are gone. In their place is a single wireline (fiber optic line, laser line) that runs from subscriber to adjacent subscriber. The resulting simplification is startling! 63 At this point in the book, it can only be ASSERTED that the Position al Transduction Methodology is far more efficient (in data transfer) than any code carrying system can theoretically be, i.e. more data can be sent over a given bandwidth by Positional Transduction Method logy technology (in practice) than is even theoretically possible in codes systems. The proof will be supplied later. 64 The calculated cost ratio for any Positional Transduction Methodology system is between 0.5% and 5% of the cost of an analogue/code system. These numbers just given are derived from data obtained from the TWO COMPLETE TEST SYSTEMS BUILT AT A COST OF $2,65O,000 IN 1969 DOLLARS. The author deems the lower cost figure to be the more nearly accurate of the two. 65 A problem with the Positional Transduction Methodology systems is in the "minds"(?) of the beholders. They believe that there are "ARE TOO FEW" components to do all of the things that they believed to be ne cessary. We have BrainWashed ourselves into believing that when more functions have to be performed we also have to have more component parts to perform those functions. That is what most people (including Engineers and Professors believe) but wont openly say so. They be lieve that if a new function is required, the way to achieve it is to add parts, and add parts, and to add parts... I do not. When a system needs new components on a wholesale basis that system is either very obsolete or has been very poorly thought out or both. The latter most likely. 66 It shall be shown that to construct a telephone system, only two com ponents are necessary [1] a simple and inexpensive component called herein a UNIPLEXER and [2] a (low grade fiber optic wire) wireline or alternatively a simple and inexpensive cable. The terminal equipments (phones, computer terminals, fax machines, etc., etc.) are not con sidered as part of the system. They are external input and/or output devices belonging to the subscriber. 67 The Positional Transduction Methodology computer systems described in the text are just another set of large scale systems that can be con structed simply. The same things can be said for the controllers, traffic flow control systems, hybrid systems, data/music recorders, etc., etc. (Also etc.) 68 The reader might find his/her main problem is understanding the text. This is not due the text being either complex or difficult to under stand but is entirely due to the reader's own preconceived notions about how digital systems OUGHT TO WORK. Code systems work THAT way but Positional Transduction Methodology systems are a horse of a very different color AND DO NOT WORK THAT WAY. 69 There are those who shall (gleefully) point out that the closed loop, which is the "standard network" that is used throughout this text, is easily destroyed by simply cutting the transmission path. That CAN be true. There are two answers to such objections:- [1] closed loop sys tems are not the only network configurations possible and/or [2] the closed loop can be re-arranged in such a fashion that cutting a few wires might cause a FEW subscribers to loss service until repaired, but that would be the only consequence of cutting the wires. Such re pairs would quickly effected. (The technique is described in the SHEETS). 70 Learning exactly how Positional Transduction Methodology systems fun ction is mainly a matter of acquiring a totally new perspective on digital and analogue systems. That is what this book is about.